Mercurial > hg > toybox
annotate www/code.html @ 984:422696039640
ls --color should depend on LS in menuconfig.
author | Rob Landley <rob@landley.net> |
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date | Thu, 01 Aug 2013 18:10:47 -0500 |
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200 | 1 <!--#include file="header.html" --> |
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529 | 3 <p><h1>Code style</h1></p> |
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4 |
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5 <p>The primary goal of toybox is _simple_ code. Keeping the code small is |
529 | 6 second, with speed and lots of features coming in somewhere after that. |
7 (For more on that, see the <a href=design.html>design</a> page.)</p> | |
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8 |
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9 <p>A simple implementation usually takes up fewer lines of source code, |
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10 meaning more code can fit on the screen at once, meaning the programmer can |
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11 see more of it on the screen and thus keep more if in their head at once. |
529 | 12 This helps code auditing and thus reduces bugs. That said, sometimes being |
13 more explicit is preferable to being clever enough to outsmart yourself: | |
14 don't be so terse your code is unreadable.</p> | |
217 | 15 |
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16 <p>Toybox source uses two spaces per indentation level, and wraps at 80 |
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17 columns.</p> |
217 | 18 |
19 <p>Gotos are allowed for error handling, and for breaking out of | |
20 nested loops. In general, a goto should only jump forward (not back), and | |
21 should either jump to the end of an outer loop, or to error handling code | |
22 at the end of the function. Goto labels are never indented: they override the | |
23 block structure of the file. Putting them at the left edge makes them easy | |
24 to spot as overrides to the normal flow of control, which they are.</p> | |
25 | |
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26 <p><h1>Building Toybox:</h1></p> |
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27 |
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28 <p>Toybox is configured using the Kconfig language pioneered by the Linux |
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29 kernel, and adopted by many other projects (uClibc, OpenEmbedded, etc). |
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30 This generates a ".config" file containing the selected options, which |
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31 controls which features are included when compiling toybox.</p> |
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32 |
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33 <p>Each configuration option has a default value. The defaults indicate the |
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34 "maximum sane configuration", I.E. if the feature defaults to "n" then it |
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35 either isn't complete or is a special-purpose option (such as debugging |
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36 code) that isn't intended for general purpose use.</p> |
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37 |
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38 <p>The standard build invocation is:</p> |
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39 |
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40 <ul> |
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41 <li>make defconfig #(or menuconfig)</li> |
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42 <li>make</li> |
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43 <li>make install</li> |
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44 </ul> |
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45 |
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46 <p>Type "make help" to see all available build options.</p> |
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47 |
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48 <p>The file "configure" contains a number of environment variable definitions |
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49 which influence the build, such as specifying which compiler to use or where |
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50 to install the resulting binaries. This file is included by the build, but |
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51 accepts existing definitions of the environment variables, so it may be sourced |
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52 or modified by the developer before building and the definitions exported |
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53 to the environment will take precedence.</p> |
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54 |
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55 <p>(To clarify: "configure" describes the build and installation environment, |
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56 ".config" lists the features selected by defconfig/menuconfig.)</p> |
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57 |
200 | 58 <p><h1>Infrastructure:</h1></p> |
59 | |
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60 <p>The toybox source code is in following directories:</p> |
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61 <ul> |
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62 <li>The <a href="#top">top level directory</a> contains the file main.c (were |
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63 execution starts), the header file toys.h (included by every command), and |
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64 other global infrastructure.</li> |
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65 <li>The <a href="#lib">lib directory</a> contains common functions shared by |
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66 multiple commands:</li> |
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67 <ul> |
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68 <li><a href="#lib_lib">lib/lib.c</a></li> |
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69 <li><a href="#lib_llist">lib/llist.c</a></li> |
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70 <li><a href="#lib_args">lib/args.c</a></li> |
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71 <li><a href="#lib_dirtree">lib/dirtree.c</a></li> |
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72 </ul> |
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73 <li>The <a href="#toys">toys directory</a> contains the C files implementating |
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74 each command. Currently it contains three subdirectories: |
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75 posix, lsb, and other.</li> |
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76 <li>The <a href="#scripts">scripts directory</a> contains the build and |
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77 test infrastructure.</li> |
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78 <li>The <a href="#kconfig">kconfig directory</a> contains the configuration |
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79 infrastructure implementing menuconfig (copied from the Linux kernel).</li> |
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80 <li>The <a href="#generated">generated directory</a> contains intermediate |
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81 files generated from other parts of the source code.</li> |
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82 </ul> |
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83 |
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84 <a name="adding" /> |
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85 <p><h1>Adding a new command</h1></p> |
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86 <p>To add a new command to toybox, add a C file implementing that command under |
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87 the toys directory. No other files need to be modified; the build extracts |
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88 all the information it needs (such as command line arguments) from specially |
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89 formatted comments and macros in the C file. (See the description of the |
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90 <a href="#generated">"generated" directory</a> for details.)</p> |
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91 |
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92 <p>Currently there are three subdirectories under "toys", one for commands |
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93 defined by the POSIX standard, one for commands defined by the Linux Standard |
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94 Base, and one for all other commands. (This is just for developer convenience |
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95 sorting them, the directories are otherwise functionally identical.)</p> |
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96 |
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97 <p>An easy way to start a new command is copy the file "toys/other/hello.c" to |
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98 the name of the new command, and modify this copy to implement the new command. |
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99 This file is an example command meant to be used as a "skeleton" for |
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100 new commands (more or less by turning every instance of "hello" into the |
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101 name of your command, updating the command line arguments, globals, and |
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102 help data, and then filling out its "main" function with code that does |
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103 something interesting). It provides examples of all the build infrastructure |
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104 (including optional elements like command line argument parsing and global |
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105 variables that a "hello world" program doesn't strictly need).</p> |
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106 |
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107 <p>Here's a checklist of steps to turn hello.c into another command:</p> |
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108 |
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109 <ul> |
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110 <li><p>First "cd toys/other" and "cp hello.c yourcommand.c". Note that the name |
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111 of this file is significant, it's the name of the new command you're adding |
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112 to toybox. Open your new file in your favorite editor.</p></li> |
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113 |
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114 <li><p>Change the one line comment at the top of the file (currently |
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115 "hello.c - A hello world program") to describe your new file.</p></li> |
200 | 116 |
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117 <li><p>Change the copyright notice to your name, email, and the current |
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118 year.</p></li> |
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119 |
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120 <li><p>Give a URL to the relevant standards document, where applicable. |
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121 (Sample links to SUSv4 and LSB are provided, feel free to link to other |
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122 documentation or standards as appropriate.)</p></li> |
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123 |
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124 <li><p>Update the USE_YOURCOMMAND(NEWTOY(yourcommand,"blah",0)) line. |
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125 The NEWTOY macro fills out this command's <a href="#toy_list">toy_list</a> |
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126 structure. The arguments to the NEWTOY macro are:</p> |
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127 |
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128 <ol> |
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129 <li><p>the name used to run your command</p></li> |
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130 <li><p>the command line argument <a href="#lib_args">option parsing string</a> (NULL if none)</p></li> |
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131 <li><p>a bitfield of TOYFLAG values |
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132 (defined in toys.h) providing additional information such as where your |
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133 command should be installed on a running system, whether to blank umask |
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134 before running, whether or not the command must run as root (and thus should |
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135 retain root access if installed SUID), and so on.</p></li> |
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136 </ol> |
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137 </li> |
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138 |
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139 <li><p>Change the kconfig data (from "config YOURCOMMAND" to the end of the |
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140 comment block) to supply your command's configuration and help |
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141 information. The uppper case config symbols are used by menuconfig, and are |
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142 also what the CFG_ and USE_() macros are generated from (see [TODO]). The |
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143 help information here is used by menuconfig, and also by the "help" command to |
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144 describe your new command. (See [TODO] for details.) By convention, |
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145 unfinished commands default to "n" and finished commands default to "y", |
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146 so "make defconfig" selects all finished commands. (Note, "finished" means |
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147 "ready to be used", not that it'll never change again.)<p> |
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148 |
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149 <p>Each help block should start with a "usage: yourcommand" line explaining |
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150 any command line arguments added by this config option. The "help" command |
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151 outputs this text, and scripts/config2help.c in the build infrastructure |
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152 collates these usage lines for commands with multiple configuration |
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153 options when producing generated/help.h.</p> |
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154 </li> |
200 | 155 |
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156 <li><p>Change the "#define FOR_hello" line to "#define FOR_yourcommand" right |
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157 before the "#include <toys.h>". (This selects the appropriate FLAG_ macros and |
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158 does a "#define TT this.yourcommand" so you can access the global variables |
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159 out of the space-saving union of structures. If you aren't using any command |
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160 flag bits and aren't defining a GLOBAL block, you can delete this line.)</p></li> |
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161 |
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162 <li><p>Update the GLOBALS() macro to contain your command's global |
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163 variables. If your command has no global variables, delete this macro.</p> |
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164 |
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165 <p>Variables in the GLOBALS() block are are stored in a space saving |
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166 <a href="#toy_union">union of structures</a> format, which may be accessed |
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167 using the TT macro as if TT were a global structure (so TT.membername). |
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168 If you specified two-character command line arguments in |
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169 NEWTOY(), the first few global variables will be initialized by the automatic |
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170 argument parsing logic, and the type and order of these variables must |
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171 correspond to the arguments specified in NEWTOY(). |
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172 (See <a href="#lib_args">lib/args.c</a> for details.)</p></li> |
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173 |
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174 <li><p>Rename hello_main() to yourcommand_main(). This is the main() function |
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175 where execution of your command starts. Your command line options are |
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176 already sorted into this.optflags, this.optargs, this.optc, and the GLOBALS() |
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177 as appropriate by the time this function is called. (See |
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178 <a href="#lib_args">get_optflags()</a> for details.</p></li> |
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179 </ul> |
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180 |
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181 <p><a name="top" /><h2>Top level directory.</h2></p> |
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182 |
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183 <p>This directory contains global infrastructure.</p> |
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184 |
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185 <h3>toys.h</h3> |
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186 <p>Each command #includes "toys.h" as part of its standard prolog. It |
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187 may "#define FOR_commandname" before doing so to get some extra entries |
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188 specific to this command.</p> |
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189 |
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190 <p>This file sucks in most of the commonly used standard #includes, so |
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191 individual files can just #include "toys.h" and not have to worry about |
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192 stdargs.h and so on. Individual commands still need to #include |
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193 special-purpose headers that may not be present on all systems (and thus would |
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194 prevent toybox from building that command on such a system with that command |
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195 enabled). Examples include regex support, any "linux/" or "asm/" headers, mtab |
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196 support (mntent.h and sys/mount.h), and so on.</p> |
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197 |
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198 <p>The toys.h header also defines structures for most of the global variables |
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199 provided to each command by toybox_main(). These are described in |
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200 detail in the description for main.c, where they are initialized.</p> |
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201 |
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202 <p>The global variables are grouped into structures (and a union) for space |
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203 savings, to more easily track the amount of memory consumed by them, |
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204 so that they may be automatically cleared/initialized as needed, and so |
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205 that access to global variables is more easily distinguished from access to |
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206 local variables.</p> |
200 | 207 |
208 <h3>main.c</h3> | |
209 <p>Contains the main() function where execution starts, plus | |
210 common infrastructure to initialize global variables and select which command | |
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211 to run. The "toybox" multiplexer command also lives here. (This is the |
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212 only command defined outside of the toys directory.)</p> |
200 | 213 |
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214 <p>Execution starts in main() which trims any path off of the first command |
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215 name and calls toybox_main(), which calls toy_exec(), which calls toy_find() |
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216 and toy_init() before calling the appropriate command's function from |
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217 toy_list[] (via toys.which->toy_main()). |
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218 If the command is "toybox", execution recurses into toybox_main(), otherwise |
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219 the call goes to the appropriate commandname_main() from a C file in the toys |
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220 directory.</p> |
200 | 221 |
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222 <p>The following global variables are defined in main.c:</p> |
200 | 223 <ul> |
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224 <a name="toy_list" /> |
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225 <li><p><b>struct toy_list toy_list[]</b> - array describing all the |
200 | 226 commands currently configured into toybox. The first entry (toy_list[0]) is |
227 for the "toybox" multiplexer command, which runs all the other built-in commands | |
228 without symlinks by using its first argument as the name of the command to | |
229 run and the rest as that command's argument list (ala "./toybox echo hello"). | |
230 The remaining entries are the commands in alphabetical order (for efficient | |
231 binary search).</p> | |
232 | |
233 <p>This is a read-only array initialized at compile time by | |
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234 defining macros and #including generated/newtoys.h.</p> |
200 | 235 |
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236 <p>Members of struct toy_list (defined in "toys.h") include:</p> |
200 | 237 <ul> |
238 <li><p>char *<b>name</b> - the name of this command.</p></li> | |
239 <li><p>void (*<b>toy_main</b>)(void) - function pointer to run this | |
240 command.</p></li> | |
241 <li><p>char *<b>options</b> - command line option string (used by | |
242 get_optflags() in lib/args.c to intialize toys.optflags, toys.optargs, and | |
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243 entries in the toy's GLOBALS struct). When this is NULL, no option |
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244 parsing is done before calling toy_main().</p></li> |
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245 <li><p>int <b>flags</b> - Behavior flags for this command. The following flags are currently understood:</p> |
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246 |
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247 <ul> |
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248 <li><b>TOYFLAG_USR</b> - Install this command under /usr</li> |
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249 <li><b>TOYFLAG_BIN</b> - Install this command under /bin</li> |
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250 <li><b>TOYFLAG_SBIN</b> - Install this command under /sbin</li> |
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251 <li><b>TOYFLAG_NOFORK</b> - This command can be used as a shell builtin.</li> |
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252 <li><b>TOYFLAG_UMASK</b> - Call umask(0) before running this command.</li> |
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253 <li><b>TOYFLAG_STAYROOT</b> - Don't drop permissions for this command if toybox is installed SUID root.</li> |
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254 <li><b>TOYFLAG_NEEDROOT</b> - This command cannot function unless run with root access.</li> |
256
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255 </ul> |
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256 <br> |
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257 |
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258 <p>These flags are combined with | (or). For example, to install a command |
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259 in /usr/bin, or together TOYFLAG_USR|TOYFLAG_BIN.</p> |
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260 </ul> |
200 | 261 </li> |
262 | |
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263 <li><p><b>struct toy_context toys</b> - global structure containing information |
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264 common to all commands, initializd by toy_init() and defined in "toys.h". |
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265 Members of this structure include:</p> |
200 | 266 <ul> |
267 <li><p>struct toy_list *<b>which</b> - a pointer to this command's toy_list | |
268 structure. Mostly used to grab the name of the running command | |
269 (toys->which.name).</p> | |
270 </li> | |
271 <li><p>int <b>exitval</b> - Exit value of this command. Defaults to zero. The | |
272 error_exit() functions will return 1 if this is zero, otherwise they'll | |
273 return this value.</p></li> | |
274 <li><p>char **<b>argv</b> - "raw" command line options, I.E. the original | |
275 unmodified string array passed in to main(). Note that modifying this changes | |
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276 "ps" output, and is not recommended. This array is null terminated; a NULL |
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277 entry indicates the end of the array.</p> |
200 | 278 <p>Most commands don't use this field, instead the use optargs, optflags, |
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279 and the fields in the GLOBALS struct initialized by get_optflags().</p> |
200 | 280 </li> |
281 <li><p>unsigned <b>optflags</b> - Command line option flags, set by | |
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282 <a href="#lib_args">get_optflags()</a>. Indicates which of the command line options listed in |
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283 toys->which.options occurred this time.</p> |
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284 |
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285 <p>The rightmost command line argument listed in toys->which.options sets bit |
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286 1, the next one sets bit 2, and so on. This means the bits are set in the same |
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287 order the binary digits would be listed if typed out as a string. For example, |
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288 the option string "abcd" would parse the command line "-c" to set optflags to 2, |
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289 "-a" would set optflags to 8, and "-bd" would set optflags to 6 (4|2).</p> |
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290 |
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291 <p>Only letters are relevant to optflags. In the string "a*b:c#d", d=1, c=2, |
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292 b=4, a=8. Punctuation after a letter initializes global variables at the |
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293 start of the GLOBALS() block (see <a href="#toy_union">union toy_union this</a> |
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294 for details).</p> |
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295 |
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296 <p>The build infrastructure creates FLAG_ macros for each option letter, |
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297 corresponding to the bit position, so you can check (toys.optflags & FLAG_x) |
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298 to see if a flag was specified. (The correct set of FLAG_ macros is selected |
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299 by defining FOR_mycommand before #including toys.h. The macros live in |
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300 toys/globals.h which is generated by scripts/make.sh.)</p> |
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301 |
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302 <p>For more information on option parsing, see <a href="#lib_args">get_optflags()</a>.</p> |
256
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303 |
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304 </li> |
200 | 305 <li><p>char **<b>optargs</b> - Null terminated array of arguments left over |
306 after get_optflags() removed all the ones it understood. Note: optarg[0] is | |
307 the first argument, not the command name. Use toys.which->name for the command | |
308 name.</p></li> | |
256
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309 <li><p>int <b>optc</b> - Optarg count, equivalent to argc but for |
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310 optargs[].<p></li> |
200 | 311 <li><p>int <b>exithelp</b> - Whether error_exit() should print a usage message |
312 via help_main() before exiting. (True during option parsing, defaults to | |
313 false afterwards.)</p></li> | |
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314 </ul> |
200 | 315 |
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316 <a name="toy_union" /> |
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317 <li><p><b>union toy_union this</b> - Union of structures containing each |
200 | 318 command's global variables.</p> |
319 | |
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320 <p>Global variables are useful: they reduce the overhead of passing extra |
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321 command line arguments between functions, they conveniently start prezeroed to |
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322 save initialization costs, and the command line argument parsing infrastructure |
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323 can also initialize global variables with its results.</p> |
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324 |
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325 <p>But since each toybox process can only run one command at a time, allocating |
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326 space for global variables belonging to other commands you aren't currently |
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327 running would be wasteful.</p> |
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328 |
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329 <p>Toybox handles this by encapsulating each command's global variables in |
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330 a structure, and declaring a union of those structures with a single global |
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331 instance (called "this"). The GLOBALS() macro contains the global |
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332 variables that should go in the current command's global structure. Each |
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333 variable can then be accessed as "this.commandname.varname". |
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334 If you #defined FOR_commandname before including toys.h, the macro TT is |
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335 #defined to this.commandname so the variable can then be accessed as |
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336 "TT.variable". See toys/hello.c for an example.</p> |
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337 |
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338 <p>A command that needs global variables should declare a structure to |
200 | 339 contain them all, and add that structure to this union. A command should never |
340 declare global variables outside of this, because such global variables would | |
341 allocate memory when running other commands that don't use those global | |
342 variables.</p> | |
343 | |
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344 <p>The first few fields of this structure can be intialized by <a href="#lib_args">get_optargs()</a>, |
200 | 345 as specified by the options field off this command's toy_list entry. See |
346 the get_optargs() description in lib/args.c for details.</p> | |
347 </li> | |
348 | |
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349 <li><b>char toybuf[4096]</b> - a common scratch space buffer so |
200 | 350 commands don't need to allocate their own. Any command is free to use this, |
351 and it should never be directly referenced by functions in lib/ (although | |
352 commands are free to pass toybuf in to a library function as an argument).</li> | |
353 </ul> | |
354 | |
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355 <p>The following functions are defined in main.c:</p> |
200 | 356 <ul> |
357 <li><p>struct toy_list *<b>toy_find</b>(char *name) - Return the toy_list | |
358 structure for this command name, or NULL if not found.</p></li> | |
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359 <li><p>void <b>toy_init</b>(struct toy_list *which, char *argv[]) - fill out |
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360 the global toys structure, calling get_optargs() if necessary.</p></li> |
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361 <li><p>void <b>toy_exec</b>(char *argv[]) - Run a built-in command with |
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362 arguments.</p> |
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363 <p>Calls toy_find() on argv[0] (which must be just a command name |
200 | 364 without path). Returns if it can't find this command, otherwise calls |
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365 toy_init(), toys->which.toy_main(), and exit() instead of returning.</p> |
200 | 366 |
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367 <p>Use the library function xexec() to fall back to external executables |
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368 in $PATH if toy_exec() can't find a built-in command. Note that toy_exec() |
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369 does not strip paths before searching for a command, so "./command" will |
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370 never match an internal command.</li> |
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371 |
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372 <li><p>void <b>toybox_main</b>(void) - the main function for the multiplexer |
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373 command (I.E. "toybox"). Given a command name as its first argument, calls |
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374 toy_exec() on its arguments. With no arguments, it lists available commands. |
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375 If the first argument starts with "-" it lists each command with its default |
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376 install path prepended.</p></li> |
200 | 377 |
378 </ul> | |
379 | |
380 <h3>Config.in</h3> | |
381 | |
382 <p>Top level configuration file in a stylized variant of | |
256
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383 <a href=http://kernel.org/doc/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt>kconfig</a> format. Includes generated/Config.in.</p> |
200 | 384 |
385 <p>These files are directly used by "make menuconfig" to select which commands | |
386 to build into toybox (thus generating a .config file), and by | |
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387 scripts/config2help.py to create generated/help.h.</p> |
200 | 388 |
389 <h3>Temporary files:</h3> | |
390 | |
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391 <p>There is one temporary file in the top level source directory:</p> |
200 | 392 <ul> |
393 <li><p><b>.config</b> - Configuration file generated by kconfig, indicating | |
394 which commands (and options to commands) are currently enabled. Used | |
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395 to make generated/config.h and determine which toys/*.c files to build.</p> |
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396 |
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397 <p>You can create a human readable "miniconfig" version of this file using |
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398 <a href=http://landley.net/aboriginal/new_platform.html#miniconfig>these |
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399 instructions</a>.</p> |
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400 </li> |
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401 </ul> |
200 | 402 |
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403 <a name="generated" /> |
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404 <p>The "generated/" directory contains files generated from other source code |
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405 in toybox. All of these files can be recreated by the build system, although |
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406 some (such as generated/help.h) are shipped in release versions to reduce |
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407 environmental dependencies (I.E. so you don't need python on your build |
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408 system).</p> |
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409 |
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410 <ul> |
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411 <li><p><b>generated/config.h</b> - list of CFG_SYMBOL and USE_SYMBOL() macros, |
200 | 412 generated from .config by a sed invocation in the top level Makefile.</p> |
413 | |
414 <p>CFG_SYMBOL is a comple time constant set to 1 for enabled symbols and 0 for | |
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415 disabled symbols. This allows the use of normal if() statements to remove |
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416 code at compile time via the optimizer's dead code elimination (which removes |
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417 from the binary any code that cannot be reached). This saves space without |
200 | 418 cluttering the code with #ifdefs or leading to configuration dependent build |
419 breaks. (See the 1992 Usenix paper | |
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420 <a href=http://doc.cat-v.org/henry_spencer/ifdef_considered_harmful.pdf>#ifdef |
200 | 421 Considered Harmful</a> for more information.)</p> |
422 | |
423 <p>USE_SYMBOL(code) evaluates to the code in parentheses when the symbol | |
424 is enabled, and nothing when the symbol is disabled. This can be used | |
425 for things like varargs or variable declarations which can't always be | |
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426 eliminated by a simple test on CFG_SYMBOL. Note that |
200 | 427 (unlike CFG_SYMBOL) this is really just a variant of #ifdef, and can |
428 still result in configuration dependent build breaks. Use with caution.</p> | |
429 </li> | |
430 </ul> | |
431 | |
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432 <p><h2>Directory toys/</h2></p> |
200 | 433 |
434 <h3>toys/Config.in</h3> | |
435 | |
436 <p>Included from the top level Config.in, contains one or more | |
437 configuration entries for each command.</p> | |
438 | |
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439 <p>Each command has a configuration entry matching the command name (although |
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440 configuration symbols are uppercase and command names are lower case). |
200 | 441 Options to commands start with the command name followed by an underscore and |
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442 the option name. Global options are attached to the "toybox" command, |
200 | 443 and thus use the prefix "TOYBOX_". This organization is used by |
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444 scripts/cfg2files to select which toys/*.c files to compile for a given |
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445 .config.</p> |
200 | 446 |
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447 <p>A command with multiple names (or multiple similar commands implemented in |
200 | 448 the same .c file) should have config symbols prefixed with the name of their |
449 C file. I.E. config symbol prefixes are NEWTOY() names. If OLDTOY() names | |
450 have config symbols they're options (symbols with an underscore and suffix) | |
451 to the NEWTOY() name. (See toys/toylist.h)</p> | |
452 | |
453 <h3>toys/toylist.h</h3> | |
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454 <p>The first half of this file prototypes all the structures to hold |
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455 global variables for each command, and puts them in toy_union. These |
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456 prototypes are only included if the macro NEWTOY isn't defined (in which |
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457 case NEWTOY is defined to a default value that produces function |
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458 prototypes).</p> |
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459 |
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460 <p>The second half of this file lists all the commands in alphabetical |
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461 order, along with their command line arguments and install location. |
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462 Each command has an appropriate configuration guard so only the commands that |
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463 are enabled wind up in the list.</p> |
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464 |
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465 <p>The first time this header is #included, it defines structures and |
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466 produces function prototypes for the commands in the toys directory.</p> |
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467 |
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468 |
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469 <p>The first time it's included, it defines structures and produces function |
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470 prototypes. |
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471 This |
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472 is used to initialize toy_list in main.c, and later in that file to initialize |
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473 NEED_OPTIONS (to figure out whether the command like parsing logic is needed), |
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474 and to put the help entries in the right order in toys/help.c.</p> |
200 | 475 |
476 <h3>toys/help.h</h3> | |
477 | |
478 <p>#defines two help text strings for each command: a single line | |
479 command_help and an additinal command_help_long. This is used by help_main() | |
480 in toys/help.c to display help for commands.</p> | |
481 | |
482 <p>Although this file is generated from Config.in help entries by | |
483 scripts/config2help.py, it's shipped in release tarballs so you don't need | |
484 python on the build system. (If you check code out of source control, or | |
485 modify Config.in, then you'll need python installed to rebuild it.)</p> | |
486 | |
487 <p>This file contains help for all commands, regardless of current | |
488 configuration, but only the currently enabled ones are entered into help_data[] | |
489 in toys/help.c.</p> | |
490 | |
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491 <a name="lib"> |
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492 <h2>Directory lib/</h2> |
200 | 493 |
536
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494 <p>TODO: document lots more here.</p> |
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495 |
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496 <p>lib: getmountlist(), error_msg/error_exit, xmalloc(), |
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497 strlcpy(), xexec(), xopen()/xread(), xgetcwd(), xabspath(), find_in_path(), |
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498 itoa().</p> |
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499 |
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500 <h3>lib/portability.h</h3> |
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501 |
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502 <p>This file is automatically included from the top of toys.h, and smooths |
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503 over differences between platforms (hardware targets, compilers, C libraries, |
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504 operating systems, etc).</p> |
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505 |
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506 <p>This file provides SWAP macros (SWAP_BE16(x) and SWAP_LE32(x) and so on).</p> |
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507 |
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508 <p>A macro like SWAP_LE32(x) means "The value in x is stored as a little |
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509 endian 32 bit value, so perform the translation to/from whatever the native |
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510 32-bit format is". You do the swap once on the way in, and once on the way |
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511 out. If your target is already little endian, the macro is a NOP.</p> |
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512 |
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513 <p>The SWAP macros come in BE and LE each with 16, 32, and 64 bit versions. |
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514 In each case, the name of the macro refers to the _external_ representation, |
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515 and converts to/from whatever your native representation happens to be (which |
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516 can vary depending on what you're currently compiling for).</p> |
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517 |
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518 <a name="lib_llist"><h3>lib/llist.c</h3> |
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519 |
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520 <p>Some generic single and doubly linked list functions, which take |
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521 advantage of a couple properties of C:</p> |
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522 |
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523 <ul> |
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524 <li><p>Structure elements are laid out in memory in the order listed, and |
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525 the first element has no padding. This means you can always treat (typecast) |
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526 a pointer to a structure as a pointer to the first element of the structure, |
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527 even if you don't know anything about the data following it.</p></li> |
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528 |
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529 <li><p>An array of length zero at the end of a structure adds no space |
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530 to the sizeof() the structure, but if you calculate how much extra space |
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531 you want when you malloc() the structure it will be available at the end. |
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532 Since C has no bounds checking, this means each struct can have one variable |
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533 length array.</p></li> |
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534 </ul> |
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535 |
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536 <p>Toybox's list structures always have their <b>next</b> pointer as |
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537 the first entry of each struct, and singly linked lists end with a NULL pointer. |
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538 This allows generic code to traverse such lists without knowing anything |
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539 else about the specific structs composing them: if your pointer isn't NULL |
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540 typecast it to void ** and dereference once to get the next entry.</p> |
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541 |
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542 <p><b>lib/lib.h</b> defines three structure types:</p> |
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543 <ul> |
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544 <li><p><b>struct string_list</b> - stores a single string (<b>char str[0]</b>), |
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545 memory for which is allocated as part of the node. (I.E. llist_traverse(list, |
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546 free); can clean up after this type of list.)</p></li> |
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547 |
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548 <li><p><b>struct arg_list</b> - stores a pointer to a single string |
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549 (<b>char *arg</b>) which is stored in a separate chunk of memory.</p></li> |
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550 |
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551 <li><p><b>struct double_list</b> - has a second pointer (<b>struct double_list |
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552 *prev</b> along with a <b>char *data</b> for payload.</p></li> |
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553 </ul> |
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554 |
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555 <b>List Functions</b> |
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556 |
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557 <ul> |
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558 <li><p>void *<b>llist_pop</b>(void **list) - advances through a list ala |
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559 <b>node = llist_pop(&list);</b> This doesn't modify the list contents, |
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560 but does advance the pointer you feed it (which is why you pass the _address_ |
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561 of that pointer, not the pointer itself).</p></li> |
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562 |
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563 <li><p>void <b>llist_traverse</b>(void *list, void (*using)(void *data)) - |
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564 iterate through a list calling a function on each node.</p></li> |
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565 |
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566 <li><p>struct double_list *<b>dlist_add</b>(struct double_list **llist, char *data) |
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567 - append an entry to a circular linked list. |
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568 This function allocates a new struct double_list wrapper and returns the |
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569 pointer to the new entry (which you can usually ignore since it's llist->prev, |
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570 but if llist was NULL you need it). The argument is the ->data field for the |
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571 new node.</p></li> |
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572 <ul><li><p>void <b>dlist_add_nomalloc</b>(struct double_list **llist, |
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573 struct double_list *new) - append existing struct double_list to |
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574 list, does not allocate anything.</p></li></ul> |
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575 </ul> |
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576 |
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577 <b>Trivia questions:</b> |
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578 |
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579 <ul> |
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580 <li><p><b>Why do arg_list and double_list contain a char * payload instead of |
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581 a void *?</b> - Because you always have to typecast a void * to use it, and |
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582 typecasting a char * does no harm. Thus having it default to the most common |
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583 pointer type saves a few typecasts (strings are the most common payload), |
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584 and doesn't hurt anything otherwise.</p> |
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585 </li> |
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586 |
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587 <li><p><b>Why do the names ->str, ->arg, and ->data differ?</b> - To force |
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588 you to keep track of which one you're using, calling free(node->str) would |
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589 be bad, and _failing_ to free(node->arg) leaks memory.</p></li> |
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590 |
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591 <li><p><b>Why does llist_pop() take a void * instead of void **?</b> - |
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592 because the stupid compiler complains about "type punned pointers" when |
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593 you typecast and dereference ont he same line, |
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594 due to insane FSF developers hardwiring limitations of their optimizer |
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595 into gcc's warning system. Since C automatically typecasts any other |
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596 pointer _down_ to a void *, the current code works fine. It's sad that it |
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597 won't warn you if you forget the &, but the code crashes pretty quickly in |
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598 that case.</p></li> |
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599 |
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600 <li><p><b>How do I assemble a singly-linked-list in order?</b> - use |
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601 a double_list, dlist_add() your entries, and then break the circle with |
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602 <b>list->prev->next = NULL;</b> when done.</li> |
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603 </ul> |
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604 |
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605 <a name="lib_args"><h3>lib/args.c</h3> |
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606 |
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607 <p>Toybox's main.c automatically parses command line options before calling the |
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608 command's main function. Option parsing starts in get_optflags(), which stores |
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609 results in the global structures "toys" (optflags and optargs) and "this".</p> |
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610 |
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611 <p>The option parsing infrastructure stores a bitfield in toys.optflags to |
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612 indicate which options the current command line contained. Arguments |
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613 attached to those options are saved into the command's global structure |
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614 ("this"). Any remaining command line arguments are collected together into |
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615 the null-terminated array toys.optargs, with the length in toys.optc. (Note |
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616 that toys.optargs does not contain the current command name at position zero, |
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617 use "toys.which->name" for that.) The raw command line arguments get_optflags() |
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618 parsed are retained unmodified in toys.argv[].</p> |
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619 |
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620 <p>Toybox's option parsing logic is controlled by an "optflags" string, using |
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621 a format reminiscent of getopt's optargs but has several important differences. |
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622 Toybox does not use the getopt() |
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623 function out of the C library, get_optflags() is an independent implementation |
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624 which doesn't permute the original arguments (and thus doesn't change how the |
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625 command is displayed in ps and top), and has many features not present in |
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626 libc optargs() (such as the ability to describe long options in the same string |
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627 as normal options).</p> |
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628 |
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629 <p>Each command's NEWTOY() macro has an optflags string as its middle argument, |
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630 which sets toy_list.options for that command to tell get_optflags() what |
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631 command line arguments to look for, and what to do with them. |
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632 If a command has no option |
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633 definition string (I.E. the argument is NULL), option parsing is skipped |
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634 for that command, which must look at the raw data in toys.argv to parse its |
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635 own arguments. (If no currently enabled command uses option parsing, |
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636 get_optflags() is optimized out of the resulting binary by the compiler's |
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637 --gc-sections option.)</p> |
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638 |
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639 <p>You don't have to free the option strings, which point into the environment |
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640 space (I.E. the string data is not copied). A TOYFLAG_NOFORK command |
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641 that uses the linked list type "*" should free the list objects but not |
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642 the data they point to, via "llist_free(TT.mylist, NULL);". (If it's not |
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643 NOFORK, exit() will free all the malloced data anyway unless you want |
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644 to implement a CONFIG_TOYBOX_FREE cleanup for it.)</p> |
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645 |
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646 <h4>Optflags format string</h4> |
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647 |
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648 <p>Note: the optflags option description string format is much more |
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649 concisely described by a large comment at the top of lib/args.c.</p> |
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650 |
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651 <p>The general theory is that letters set optflags, and punctuation describes |
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652 other actions the option parsing logic should take.</p> |
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653 |
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654 <p>For example, suppose the command line <b>command -b fruit -d walrus -a 42</b> |
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655 is parsed using the optflags string "<b>a#b:c:d</b>". (I.E. |
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656 toys.which->options="a#b:c:d" and argv = ["command", "-b", "fruit", "-d", |
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657 "walrus", "-a", "42"]). When get_optflags() returns, the following data is |
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658 available to command_main(): |
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659 |
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660 <ul> |
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661 <li><p>In <b>struct toys</b>: |
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662 <ul> |
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663 <li>toys.optflags = 13; // -a = 8 | -b = 4 | -d = 1</li> |
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664 <li>toys.optargs[0] = "walrus"; // leftover argument</li> |
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665 <li>toys.optargs[1] = NULL; // end of list</li> |
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666 <li>toys.optc=1; // there was 1 leftover argument</li> |
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667 <li>toys.argv[] = {"-b", "fruit", "-d", "walrus", "-a", "42"}; // The original command line arguments |
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668 </ul> |
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669 <p></li> |
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670 |
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671 <li><p>In <b>union this</b> (treated as <b>long this[]</b>): |
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672 <ul> |
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673 <li>this[0] = NULL; // -c didn't get an argument this time, so get_optflags() didn't change it and toys_init() zeroed "this" during setup.)</li> |
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674 <li>this[1] = (long)"fruit"; // argument to -b</li> |
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675 <li>this[2] = 42; // argument to -a</li> |
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676 </ul> |
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677 </p></li> |
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678 </ul> |
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679 |
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680 <p>If the command's globals are:</p> |
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681 |
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682 <blockquote><pre> |
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683 GLOBALS( |
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684 char *c; |
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685 char *b; |
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686 long a; |
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687 ) |
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688 </pre></blockquote> |
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689 <p>That would mean TT.c == NULL, TT.b == "fruit", and TT.a == 42. (Remember, |
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690 each entry that receives an argument must be a long or pointer, to line up |
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691 with the array position. Right to left in the optflags string corresponds to |
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692 top to bottom in GLOBALS().</p> |
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693 |
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694 <p><b>long toys.optflags</b></p> |
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695 |
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696 <p>Each option in the optflags string corresponds to a bit position in |
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697 toys.optflags, with the same value as a corresponding binary digit. The |
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698 rightmost argument is (1<<0), the next to last is (1<<1) and so on. If |
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699 the option isn't encountered while parsing argv[], its bit remains 0.</p> |
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700 |
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701 <p>For example, |
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702 the optflags string "abcd" would parse the command line argument "-c" to set |
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703 optflags to 2, "-a" would set optflags to 8, "-bd" would set optflags to |
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704 6 (I.E. 4|2), and "-a -c" would set optflags to 10 (2|8).</p> |
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705 |
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706 <p>Only letters are relevant to optflags, punctuation is skipped: in the |
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707 string "a*b:c#d", d=1, c=2, b=4, a=8. The punctuation after a letter |
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708 usually indicate that the option takes an argument.</p> |
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709 |
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710 <p>Since toys.optflags is an unsigned int, it only stores 32 bits. (Which is |
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711 the amount a long would have on 32-bit platforms anyway; 64 bit code on |
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712 32 bit platforms is too expensive to require in common code used by almost |
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713 all commands.) Bit positions beyond the 1<<31 aren't recorded, but |
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714 parsing higher options can still set global variables.</p> |
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715 |
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716 <p><b>Automatically setting global variables from arguments (union this)</b></p> |
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717 |
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718 <p>The following punctuation characters may be appended to an optflags |
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719 argument letter, indicating the option takes an additional argument:</p> |
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720 |
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721 <ul> |
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722 <li><b>:</b> - plus a string argument, keep most recent if more than one.</li> |
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723 <li><b>*</b> - plus a string argument, appended to a linked list.</li> |
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724 <li><b>@</b> - plus an occurrence counter (stored in a long)</li> |
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725 <li><b>#</b> - plus a signed long argument. |
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726 <li><b>.</b> - plus a floating point argument (if CFG_TOYBOX_FLOAT).</li> |
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727 <ul>The following can be appended to a float or double: |
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728 <li><b><123</b> - error if argument is less than this</li> |
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729 <li><b>>123</b> - error if argument is greater than this</li> |
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730 <li><b>=123</b> - default value if argument not supplied</li> |
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731 </ul> |
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732 <ul><li>Option parsing only understands <>= after . when CFG_TOYBOX_FLOAT |
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733 is enabled. (Otherwise the code to determine where floating point constants |
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734 end drops out. When disabled, it can reserve a global data slot for the |
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735 argument so offsets won't change, but will never fill it out.). You can handle |
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736 this by using the USE_BLAH() macros with C string concatenation, ala: |
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737 "abc." USE_TOYBOX_FLOAT("<1.23>4.56=7.89") "def"</li></ul> |
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738 </ul> |
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739 |
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740 <p>Arguments may occur with or without a space (I.E. "-a 42" or "-a42"). |
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741 The command line argument "-abc" may be interepreted many different ways: |
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742 the optflags string "cba" sets toys.optflags = 7, "c:ba" sets toys.optflags=4 |
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743 and saves "ba" as the argument to -c, and "cb:a" sets optflags to 6 and saves |
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744 "c" as the argument to -b.</p> |
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745 |
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746 <p>Options which have an argument fill in the corresponding slot in the global |
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747 union "this" (see generated/globals.h), treating it as an array of longs |
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748 with the rightmost saved in this[0]. Again using "a*b:c#d", "-c 42" would set |
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749 this[0]=42; and "-b 42" would set this[1]="42"; each slot is left NULL if |
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750 the corresponding argument is not encountered.</p> |
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751 |
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752 <p>This behavior is useful because the LP64 standard ensures long and pointer |
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753 are the same size. C99 guarantees structure members will occur in memory |
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754 in the same order they're declared, and that padding won't be inserted between |
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755 consecutive variables of register size. Thus the first few entries can |
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756 be longs or pointers corresponding to the saved arguments.</p> |
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757 |
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758 <p><b>char *toys.optargs[]</b></p> |
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759 |
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760 <p>Command line arguments in argv[] which are not consumed by option parsing |
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761 (I.E. not recognized either as -flags or arguments to -flags) will be copied |
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762 to toys.optargs[], with the length of that array in toys.optc. |
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763 (When toys.optc is 0, no unrecognized command line arguments remain.) |
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764 The order of entries is preserved, and as with argv[] this new array is also |
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765 terminated by a NULL entry.</p> |
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766 |
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767 <p>Option parsing can require a minimum or maximum number of optargs left |
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768 over, by adding "<1" (read "at least one") or ">9" ("at most nine") to the |
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769 start of the optflags string.</p> |
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770 |
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771 <p>The special argument "--" terminates option parsing, storing all remaining |
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772 arguments in optargs. The "--" itself is consumed.</p> |
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773 |
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774 <p><b>Other optflags control characters</b></p> |
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775 |
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776 <p>The following characters may occur at the start of each command's |
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777 optflags string, before any options that would set a bit in toys.optflags:</p> |
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778 |
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779 <ul> |
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780 <li><b>^</b> - stop at first nonoption argument (for nice, xargs...)</li> |
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781 <li><b>?</b> - allow unknown arguments (pass non-option arguments starting |
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782 with - through to optargs instead of erroring out).</li> |
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783 <li><b>&</b> - the first argument has imaginary dash (ala tar/ps. If given twice, all arguments have imaginary dash.)</li> |
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784 <li><b><</b> - must be followed by a decimal digit indicating at least this many leftover arguments are needed in optargs (default 0)</li> |
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785 <li><b>></b> - must be followed by a decimal digit indicating at most this many leftover arguments allowed (default MAX_INT)</li> |
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786 </ul> |
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787 |
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788 <p>The following characters may be appended to an option character, but do |
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789 not by themselves indicate an extra argument should be saved in this[]. |
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790 (Technically any character not recognized as a control character sets an |
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791 optflag, but letters are never control characters.)</p> |
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792 |
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793 <ul> |
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794 <li><b>^</b> - stop parsing options after encountering this option, everything else goes into optargs.</li> |
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795 <li><b>|</b> - this option is required. If more than one marked, only one is required.</li> |
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796 <li><b>+X</b> enabling this option also enables option X (switch bit on).</li> |
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797 <li><b>~X</b> enabling this option disables option X (switch bit off).</li> |
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798 <li><b>!X</b> this option cannot be used in combination with X (die with error).</li> |
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799 <li><b>[yz]</b> this option requires at least one of y or z to also be enabled.</li> |
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800 </ul> |
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801 |
415
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802 <p>The following may be appended to a float or double:</p> |
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803 |
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804 <ul> |
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805 <li><b><123</b> - error if argument is less than this</li> |
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806 <li><b>>123</b> - error if argument is greater than this</li> |
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807 <li><b>=123</b> - default value if argument not supplied</li> |
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808 </ul> |
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809 |
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810 <p>Option parsing only understands <>= after . when CFG_TOYBOX_FLOAT |
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811 is enabled. (Otherwise the code to determine where floating point constants |
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812 end drops out. When disabled, it can reserve a global data slot for the |
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813 argument so offsets won't change, but will never fill it out.). You can handle |
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814 this by using the USE_BLAH() macros with C string concatenation, ala:</p> |
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815 |
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816 <blockquote>"abc." USE_TOYBOX_FLOAT("<1.23>4.56=7.89") "def"</blockquote> |
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817 |
403
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818 <p><b>--longopts</b></p> |
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819 |
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820 <p>The optflags string can contain long options, which are enclosed in |
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821 parentheses. They may be appended to an existing option character, in |
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822 which case the --longopt is a synonym for that option, ala "a:(--fred)" |
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823 which understands "-a blah" or "--fred blah" as synonyms.</p> |
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824 |
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825 <p>Longopts may also appear before any other options in the optflags string, |
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826 in which case they have no corresponding short argument, but instead set |
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827 their own bit based on position. So for "(walrus)#(blah)xy:z" "command |
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828 --walrus 42" would set toys.optflags = 16 (-z = 1, -y = 2, -x = 4, --blah = 8) |
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829 and would assign this[1] = 42;</p> |
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830 |
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831 <p>A short option may have multiple longopt synonyms, "a(one)(two)", but |
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832 each "bare longopt" (ala "(one)(two)abc" before any option characters) |
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833 always sets its own bit (although you can group them with +X).</p> |
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834 |
625
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835 <a name="lib_dirtree"><h3>lib/dirtree.c</h3> |
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836 |
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837 <p>The directory tree traversal code should be sufficiently generic |
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838 that commands never need to use readdir(), scandir(), or the fts.h family |
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839 of functions.</p> |
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840 |
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841 <p>These functions do not call chdir() or rely on PATH_MAX. Instead they |
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842 use openat() and friends, using one filehandle per directory level to |
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843 recurseinto subdirectories. (I.E. they can descend 1000 directories deep |
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844 if setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE) allows enough open filehandles, and the default |
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845 in /proc/self/limits is generally 1024.)</p> |
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846 |
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847 <p>The basic dirtree functions are:</p> |
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848 |
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849 <ul> |
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850 <li><p><b>dirtree_read(char *path, int (*callback)(struct dirtree node))</b> - |
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851 recursively read directories, either applying callback() or returning |
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852 a tree of struct dirtree if callback is NULL.</p></li> |
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853 |
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854 <li><p><b>dirtree_path(struct dirtree *node, int *plen)</b> - malloc() a |
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855 string containing the path from the root of this tree to this node. If |
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856 plen isn't NULL then *plen is how many extra bytes to malloc at the end |
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857 of string.</p></li> |
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858 |
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859 <li><p><b>dirtree_parentfd(struct dirtree *node)</b> - return fd of |
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860 containing directory, for use with openat() and such.</p></li> |
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861 </ul> |
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862 |
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863 <p>The <b>dirtree_read()</b> function takes two arguments, a starting path for |
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864 the root of the tree, and a callback function. The callback takes a |
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865 <b>struct dirtree *</b> (from lib/lib.h) as its argument. If the callback is |
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866 NULL, the traversal uses a default callback (dirtree_notdotdot()) which |
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867 recursively assembles a tree of struct dirtree nodes for all files under |
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868 this directory and subdirectories (filtering out "." and ".." entries), |
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869 after which dirtree_read() returns the pointer to the root node of this |
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870 snapshot tree.</p> |
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871 |
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872 <p>Otherwise the callback() is called on each entry in the directory, |
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873 with struct dirtree * as its argument. This includes the initial |
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874 node created by dirtree_read() at the top of the tree.</p> |
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875 |
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876 <p><b>struct dirtree</b></p> |
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877 |
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878 <p>Each struct dirtree node contains <b>char name[]</b> and <b>struct stat |
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879 st</b> entries describing a file, plus a <b>char *symlink</b> |
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880 which is NULL for non-symlinks.</p> |
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881 |
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882 <p>During a callback function, the <b>int data</b> field of directory nodes |
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883 contains a dirfd (for use with the openat() family of functions). This is |
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884 generally used by calling dirtree_parentfd() on the callback's node argument. |
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885 For symlinks, data contains the length of the symlink string. On the second |
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886 callback from DIRTREE_COMEAGAIN (depth-first traversal) data = -1 for |
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887 all nodes (that's how you can tell it's the second callback).</p> |
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888 |
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889 <p>Users of this code may put anything they like into the <b>long extra</b> |
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890 field. For example, "cp" and "mv" use this to store a dirfd for the destination |
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891 directory (and use DIRTREE_COMEAGAIN to get the second callback so they can |
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892 close(node->extra) to avoid running out of filehandles). |
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893 This field is not directly used by the dirtree code, and |
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894 thanks to LP64 it's large enough to store a typecast pointer to an |
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895 arbitrary struct.</p> |
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896 |
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897 <p>The return value of the callback combines flags (with boolean or) to tell |
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898 the traversal infrastructure how to behave:</p> |
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899 |
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900 <ul> |
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901 <li><p><b>DIRTREE_SAVE</b> - Save this node, assembling a tree. (Without |
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902 this the struct dirtree is freed after the callback returns. Filtering out |
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903 siblings is fine, but discarding a parent while keeping its child leaks |
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904 memory.)</p></li> |
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905 <li><p><b>DIRTREE_ABORT</b> - Do not examine any more entries in this |
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906 directory. (Does not propagate up tree: to abort entire traversal, |
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907 return DIRTREE_ABORT from parent callbacks too.)</p></li> |
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908 <li><p><b>DIRTREE_RECURSE</b> - Examine directory contents. Ignored for |
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909 non-directory entries. The remaining flags only take effect when |
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910 recursing into the children of a directory.</p></li> |
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911 <li><p><b>DIRTREE_COMEAGAIN</b> - Call the callback a second time after |
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912 examining all directory contents, allowing depth-first traversal. |
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913 On the second call, dirtree->data = -1.</p></li> |
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914 <li><p><b>DIRTREE_SYMFOLLOW</b> - follow symlinks when populating children's |
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915 <b>struct stat st</b> (by feeding a nonzero value to the symfollow argument of |
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916 dirtree_add_node()), which means DIRTREE_RECURSE treats symlinks to |
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917 directories as directories. (Avoiding infinite recursion is the callback's |
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918 problem: the non-NULL dirtree->symlink can still distinguish between |
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919 them.)</p></li> |
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920 </ul> |
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|
921 |
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922 <p>Each struct dirtree contains three pointers (next, parent, and child) |
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923 to other struct dirtree.</p> |
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924 |
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925 <p>The <b>parent</b> pointer indicates the directory |
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926 containing this entry; even when not assembling a persistent tree of |
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927 nodes the parent entries remain live up to the root of the tree while |
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928 child nodes are active. At the top of the tree the parent pointer is |
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929 NULL, meaning the node's name[] is either an absolute path or relative |
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930 to cwd. The function dirtree_parentfd() gets the directory file descriptor |
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931 for use with openat() and friends, returning AT_FDCWD at the top of tree.</p> |
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|
932 |
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933 <p>The <b>child</b> pointer points to the first node of the list of contents of |
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934 this directory. If the directory contains no files, or the entry isn't |
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935 a directory, child is NULL.</p> |
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936 |
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937 <p>The <b>next</b> pointer indicates sibling nodes in the same directory as this |
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938 node, and since it's the first entry in the struct the llist.c traversal |
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939 mechanisms work to iterate over sibling nodes. Each dirtree node is a |
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940 single malloc() (even char *symlink points to memory at the end of the node), |
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941 so llist_free() works but its callback must descend into child nodes (freeing |
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942 a tree, not just a linked list), plus whatever the user stored in extra.</p> |
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943 |
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944 <p>The <b>dirtree_read</b>() function is a simple wrapper, calling <b>dirtree_add_node</b>() |
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945 to create a root node relative to the current directory, then calling |
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946 <b>handle_callback</b>() on that node (which recurses as instructed by the callback |
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947 return flags). Some commands (such as chgrp) bypass this wrapper, for example |
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948 to control whether or not to follow symlinks to the root node; symlinks |
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949 listed on the command line are often treated differently than symlinks |
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950 encountered during recursive directory traversal). |
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|
951 |
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952 <p>The ls command not only bypasses the wrapper, but never returns |
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953 <b>DIRTREE_RECURSE</b> from the callback, instead calling <b>dirtree_recurse</b>() manually |
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954 from elsewhere in the program. This gives ls -lR manual control |
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955 of traversal order, which is neither depth first nor breadth first but |
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956 instead a sort of FIFO order requried by the ls standard.</p> |
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957 |
674
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|
958 <a name="#toys"> |
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959 <h2>Directory toys/</h2> |
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960 |
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961 <p>This directory contains command implementations. Each command is a single |
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962 self-contained file. Adding a new command involves adding a single |
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963 file, and removing a command involves removing that file. Commands use |
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964 shared infrastructure from the lib/ and generated/ directories.</p> |
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965 |
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966 <p>Currently there are three subdirectories under "toys/" containing commands |
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967 described in POSIX-2008, the Linux Standard Base 4.1, or "other". The only |
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968 difference this makes is which menu the command shows up in during "make |
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969 menuconfig", the directories are otherwise identical. Note that they commands |
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970 exist within a single namespace at runtime, so you can't have the same |
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971 command in multiple subdirectories.</p> |
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972 |
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973 <p>(There are actually four sub-menus in "make menuconfig", the fourth |
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974 contains global configuration options for toybox, and lives in Config.in at |
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975 the top level.)</p> |
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976 |
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977 <p>See <a href="#adding">adding a new command</a> for details on the |
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978 layout of a command file.</p> |
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979 |
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980 <h2>Directory scripts/</h2> |
200 | 981 |
677 | 982 <p>Build infrastructure. The makefile calls scripts/make.sh for "make" |
983 and scripts/install.sh for "make install".</p> | |
984 | |
985 <p>There's also a test suite, "make test" calls make/test.sh, which runs all | |
986 the tests in make/test/*. You can run individual tests via | |
987 "scripts/test.sh command", or "TEST_HOST=1 scripts/test.sh command" to run | |
988 that test against the host implementation instead of the toybox one.</p> | |
989 | |
200 | 990 <h3>scripts/cfg2files.sh</h3> |
991 | |
992 <p>Run .config through this filter to get a list of enabled commands, which | |
993 is turned into a list of files in toys via a sed invocation in the top level | |
994 Makefile. | |
995 </p> | |
996 | |
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997 <h2>Directory kconfig/</h2> |
200 | 998 |
999 <p>Menuconfig infrastructure copied from the Linux kernel. See the | |
1000 Linux kernel's Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt</p> | |
1001 | |
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1002 <a name="generated"> |
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1003 <h2>Directory generated/</h2> |
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1004 |
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1005 <p>All the files in this directory except the README are generated by the |
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1006 build. (See scripts/make.sh)</p> |
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1007 |
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1008 <ul> |
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1009 <li><p><b>config.h</b> - CFG_COMMAND and USE_COMMAND() macros set by menuconfig via .config.</p></li> |
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1010 |
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1011 <li><p><b>Config.in</b> - Kconfig entries for each command. Included by top level Config.in. The help text in here is used to generated help.h</p></li> |
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1012 |
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1013 <li><p><b>help.h</b> - Help text strings for use by "help" command. Building |
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1014 this file requires python on the host system, so the prebuilt file is shipped |
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1015 in the build tarball to avoid requiring python to build toybox.</p></li> |
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1016 |
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1017 <li><p><b>newtoys.h</b> - List of NEWTOY() or OLDTOY() macros for all available |
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1018 commands. Associates command_main() functions with command names, provides |
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1019 option string for command line parsing (<a href="#lib_args">see lib/args.c</a>), |
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1020 specifies where to install each command and whether toysh should fork before |
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1021 calling it.</p></li> |
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1022 </ul> |
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1023 |
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1024 <p>Everything in this directory is a derivative file produced from something |
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1025 else. The entire directory is deleted by "make distclean".</p> |
200 | 1026 <!--#include file="footer.html" --> |