annotate www/architectures.html @ 958:0581a13cadb3

Revert patch that breaks sh4 target in 2.6.32 kernel.
author Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
date Sat, 23 Jan 2010 06:16:59 -0600
parents 368cdbe5b0ee
children f5b13cbc77d7
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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1 <html>
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2 <title>Target architectures</title>
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3 <body>
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4
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5 <!--#include file="header.html" -->
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7 <hr /><h1><a name="arm" \><center>ARM</center></h1>
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9 <p>The ARM processor is popular in the embedded space because it has the best
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10 power consumption to performance ratio, meaning it has the longest battery
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11 life and smallest amount of heat generated for a given computing task.</p>
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13 <h2>Processor vs archtecture</h2>
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14
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15 <p>Although ARM hardware has many different processor designs with varying
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16 clock speeds, cache sizes, and integrated peripherals, from a software
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17 perspective what matters is ARM
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18 <a href=http://www.arm.com/products/CPUs/architecture.html>architectures</a>, which are the different
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19 instruction sets a compiler can produce. The architecture names have a "v"
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20 in them and the processor designs don't, so "ARM922T" is a hardware processor
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21 design which implements the "ARMv4T" software instruction set.</p>
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22
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23 <p>The basic architectures are numbered: ARMv3, ARMv4, ARMv5, ARMv6, and
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24 ARMv7. An ARMv5 capable processor can run ARMv4 binaries, ARMv6 can run ARMv5,
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25 and so on. Each new architecture is a superset of the old ones, and the main
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26 reason to compile for newer platforms is efficiency: faster speed and better
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27 battery life. (I.E. they work about like i386, i486, i586, and i686 do in
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28 the x86 world. Recompiling ARMv4 code to ARMv5 code provides about a 25%
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29 speedup on the same hardware.)</p>
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31 <p>The oldest architecture this compatability goes back to is ARMv3 (which
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32 introduced 32-bit addressing), but that hardware is now obsolete. (Not just no
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33 longer being sold, but mostly cycled out of the installed base.) The oldest
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34 architecture still in use is "ARMv4", which should run on any ARM hardware
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35 still in use today (except ARMv7M, which is ARM in name only).</p>
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36
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37 <h2>Architecture extensions</h2>
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38
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39 <p>ARM architectures can have several instruction set extensions, indicated
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40 by letters after the ARMv# part. Some (such as the letter "E" denoting the
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41 "Jazelle" bytecode interpreter, which provides hardware acceleration for
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42 running Java bytecode) can safely be ignored if you're not using them, and
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43 others are essentially always there in certain architectures (such as the DSP
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44 extension signified by the letter "E" which always seems to be present in
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45 ARMv5). But some are worth mentioning:</p>
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46
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47 <p>The "Thumb" extension (ARMv4T) adds
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48 a smaller instruction set capable of fitting more code in a given amount
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49 of memory. Unfortunately thumb instructions sometimes run more slowly, and
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50 the instruction set isn't complete enough to implement a kernel, so they
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51 supplement rather than replace the conventional ARM instruction set. Note
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52 that all ARMv5 and later processors include Thumb support by default, only
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53 ARMv4T offers it as an extension. Also, a new "Thumb2" fixes most of the
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54 deficiencies of the original Thumb, and is part of the ARMv7 architecture.</p>
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55
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56 <p>The VFP (Vector Floating Point) coprocessor provides hardware floating
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57 point acceleration. There are some older hardware floating point options,
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58 and some newer ones backwards compatible with VFP, but in general you can
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59 treat a chip as either "software floating point" or "VFP".</p>
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60
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61 <p>The other detail is "l" vs "b" for little-endian and big-endian.
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62 In theory ARM can do both (this is a compiler distinction, not a hardware
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63 distinction), but in practice little-endian is almost universally
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64 used on ARM, and most boards are wired up to support little-endian only even if
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65 the processor itself can theoretically handle both.</p>
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66
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67 <p>So for example, "armv4tl" is ARMv4 with Thumb extensions, little endian.</p>
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68
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69 <h2>Application Binary Interface</h2>
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70
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71 <p>Linux initially implemented a somewhat ad-hoc ABI for ARM with
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72 <a href=http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Why-ARMs-EABI-matters/>poor
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73 performance and several limitations</a>, and when ARM got around to documenting
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74 a new one the main downside was that it was incompatible with the old
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75 binaries.</p>
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76
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77 <p>So ARM has two ABIs that can run on the same hardware, the old one is
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78 called OABI and the new one is
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79 <a href=http://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort>EABI</a>. (This is a bit like
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80 the way BSD binaries won't run under Linux even though the hardware's the
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81 same, or the long ago switch from
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82 <a href=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1059>aout to ELF</a> executable
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83 formats.</p>
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84
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85 <p>The oldest hardware that can run EABI is ARMv4T, so ARMv4 hardware
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86 without the Thumb extensions still has to use OABI. (The kernel, C
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87 library, and compiler must all agree which ABI is in use or the binaries
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88 won't run.)</p>
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89
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90 <h2>Further Reading</h2>
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91
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92 <p>In theory the best reference for ARM processors is the
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93 <a href=http://www.arm.com>website of ARM Limited</a>, but unfortunately
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94 they make it somewhat hard to find information about their
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95 <a href=http://www.arm.com/products/CPUs/ARM920T.html>older products</a>
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96 and <a href=http://www.arm.com/products/CPUs/families/ARM7Family.html>many
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97 of their pages</a> are more concerned with advertising their newest products
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98 than giving the requested information. Wikipedia may be less frustrating,
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99 and occasionally even accurate.</p>
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100
890
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101 <hr /><h1><a name="m68k" \><center>Motorola 68000</center></h2>
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102 <hr /><h1><a name="mips" \><center>Mips</center></h1>
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103 <hr /><h1><a name="ppc" \><center>PowerPC</center></h1>
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104 <hr /><h1><a name="sh4" \><center>Super Hitachi</center></h1>
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105 <hr /><h1><a name="sparc" \><center>Sparc</center></h1>
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106 <hr /><h1><a name="x86" \><center>x86</center></h1>
881
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107
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108 <!--#include file="footer.html" -->