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$ make sort
$ echo -e 'zero 1\none 1\nfour 3\ntwo 1\nthree 2\nalso 1' | ./sort -k2,2n -u
two 1
three 2
zero 1
four 3

$ echo -e '2 2 4\n5 3 4\n1 2 3' | sort -k2,2n -k3,3n -u
1 2 3
2 2 4
5 3 4
landley@driftwood:~$ echo -e '2 2 4\n5 3 4\n1 2 3' | sort -k2,2n -u
2 2 4
5 3 4
landley@driftwood:~$ echo -e '2 2 4\n5 3 4\n1 2 3' | sort -k3,3n -u
1 2 3
2 2 4

X=$(toybox stat -c '%d' /) Y=$((X&255)) X=$((X>>8))
while read A B C D; do
  [ "$X" == "$A" -a "$Y" == "$B" ] && ln -s $D /dev/root && break
done < /proc/partitions

static DECLARE_INTC_DESC(intc_desc, "shx3", vectors, groups,
                         mask_registers, prio_registers, NULL);

#define _INTC_ARRAY(a) a, __same_type(a, NULL) ? 0 : sizeof(a)/sizeof(*a)

tools/include/linux/compiler.h:
# define __same_type(a, b) __builtin_types_compatible_p(typeof(a), typeof(b))

static DECLARE_INTC_DESC(intc_desc, "shx3", vectors, groups,
                         mask_registers, prio_registers, NULL);

#define DECLARE_INTC_DESC(symbol, chipname, vectors, groups,            \
        mask_regs, prio_regs, sense_regs)                               \
struct intc_desc symbol __initdata = {                                  \
        .name = chipname,                                               \
        .hw = INTC_HW_DESC(vectors, groups, mask_regs,                  \
                           prio_regs, sense_regs, NULL),                \
}

#define INTC_HW_DESC(vectors, groups, mask_regs,        \
                     prio_regs, sense_regs, ack_regs)   \
{                                                       \
        _INTC_ARRAY(vectors), _INTC_ARRAY(groups),      \
        _INTC_ARRAY(mask_regs), _INTC_ARRAY(prio_regs), \
        _INTC_ARRAY(sense_regs), _INTC_ARRAY(ack_regs), \
}

#define _INTC_ARRAY(a) a, __same_type(a, NULL) ? 0 : sizeof(a)/sizeof(*a)

$ false
$ "$@"
$ echo $?
0
$ false
$ echo $?
1

$ cat index.html 
Not browseable: <b>git clone https://landley.net/toybox/git</b>

bash -c 'declare -un x=florp; x=boing; declare -p'
bash -c 'declare -n x=florp; declare -u x; declare -p'

unsigned a, b, c, d;
char s[8];

for (a = 1; a<=0x10ffff; a++) {
  b = towupper(a);
  if ((c = wctoutf8(s, a)) != (d = wctoutf8(s, b)))
    printf("L%x[%d]->U%x[%d]\n", a, c, b, d);
  b = towlower(a);
  if ((c = wctoutf8(s, a)) != (d = wctoutf8(s, b)))
    printf("U%x[%d]->L%x[%d]\n", a, c, b, d);
}

131[2]->49[1]   17f[2]->53[1]   1c80[3]->412[2] 1c81[3]->414[2] 1c82[3]->41e[2]
1c83[3]->421[2] 1c84[3]->422[2] 1c85[3]->422[2] 1c86[3]->42a[2] 1c87[3]->462[2]
1fbe[3]->399[2] 23f[2]->2c7e[3] 240[2]->2c7f[3] 250[2]->2c6f[3] 251[2]->2c6d[3]
252[2]->2c70[3] 25c[2]->a7ab[3] 261[2]->a7ac[3] 265[2]->a78d[3] 266[2]->a7aa[3]
26a[2]->a7ae[3] 26b[2]->2c62[3] 26c[2]->a7ad[3] 271[2]->2c6e[3] 27d[2]->2c64[3]
287[2]->a7b1[3] 29d[2]->a7b2[3] 29e[2]->a7b0[3] 2c65[3]->23a[2] 2c66[3]->23e[2]

130[2]->69[1]   1e9e[3]->df[2]  2126[3]->3c9[2] 212a[3]->6b[1]  212b[3]->e5[2]
23a[2]->2c65[3] 23e[2]->2c66[3] 2c62[3]->26b[2] 2c64[3]->27d[2] 2c6d[3]->251[2]
2c6e[3]->271[2] 2c6f[3]->250[2] 2c70[3]->252[2] 2c7e[3]->23f[2] 2c7f[3]->240[2]
a78d[3]->265[2] a7aa[3]->266[2] a7ab[3]->25c[2] a7ac[3]->261[2] a7ad[3]->26c[2]
a7ae[3]->26a[2] a7b0[3]->29e[2] a7b1[3]->287[2] a7b2[3]->29d[2]

$ echo $SECONDS
3
$ SECONDS+=30
$ echo $SECONDS
35

$ RANDOM=42; echo $RANDOM $RANDOM $RANDOM
17766 11151 23481
$ RANDOM=42; echo $RANDOM $RANDOM $RANDOM
17766 11151 23481
$ RANDOM=42; RANDOM+=7; echo $RANDOM $RANDOM $RANDOM
6720 27601 2835
$ RANDOM=42; RANDOM+=7; echo $RANDOM $RANDOM $RANDOM
22518 22767 26989

$ export -n abc+=def
$ echo $abc
def

$ git clone https://github.com/mpe/linux-fullhistory.git
$ cd linux-fullhistory
$ git fetch origin 'refs/replace/*:refs/replace/*'

$ Y=++
$ echo $((X$Y))
0
$ echo $X
1

$ x=1; y=+; z=2; echo $((x y z))
bash: +: syntax error: operand expected (error token is "+")

$ x=x; echo $((x))
bash: x: expression recursion level exceeded (error token is "x")

X=2; X+=1; echo $X
21

$ echo $((1/0))
bash: 1/0: division by 0 (error token is "0")

On 9/8/21 2:55 PM, Lawrence Rosen wrote:
>>> McCoy is correct. Versions of AFL and OSL **prior to version 3.0** 
>>> are no longer valid. Please remove those earlier versions. /Larry

> Vicky and others, 
> 
> Those earlier versions of AFL and OSL were approved by the OSI board
> at the time

cc      -o .o
cc: fatal error: no input files

scripts/genconfig.sh: source: line 3: configure: not found

scripts/genconfig.sh: line 1: tr: command not found

#ifndef FOR_command
#ifndef TT
#define TT this.command
#endif
...
#endif

bzcat: I/O or other error, bailing out.  Possible reason follows.
bzcat: Broken pipe
	Input file = (stdin), output file = (stdout)
PASS: tar extract dir/file from tbz2 (autodetect)

$ zcat ~/etc.tgz | strings | grep security.selinux | sort -u
51 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:bin_t:s0
51 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0
52 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:cert_t:s0
54 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:dnssec_t:s0
54 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:locale_t:s0
54 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:shadow_t:s0
55 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:adjtime_t:s0
55 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:exports_t:s0
55 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:lvm_etc_t:s0
55 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:xdm_etc_t:s0
...
66 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:NetworkManager_etc_t:s0
67 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:namespace_init_exec_t:s0
67 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:pkcs11_modules_conf_t:s0
68 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:selinux_login_config_t:s0
69 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:NetworkManager_etc_rw_t:s0
71 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:vmtools_unconfined_exec_t:s0
74 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:NetworkManager_initrc_exec_t:s0
76 RHT.security.selinux=system_u:object_r:virt_qemu_ga_unconfined_exec_t:s0

00000000  2e 2f 50 61 78 48 65 61  64 65 72 73 2f 65 74 63  |./PaxHeaders/etc|
00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000060  00 00 00 00 30 30 30 30  36 34 34 00 30 30 30 30  |....0000644.0000|
00000070  30 30 30 00 30 30 30 30  30 30 30 00 30 30 30 30  |000.0000000.0000|
00000080  30 30 30 30 32 31 33 00  31 34 31 30 37 37 30 33  |0000213.14107703|
00000090  36 37 34 00 30 31 31 30  30 30 00 20 78 00 00 00  |674.011000. x...|
000000a0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000100  00 75 73 74 61 72 00 30  30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.ustar.00.......|
00000110  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000200  32 39 20 6d 74 69 6d 65  3d 31 36 32 39 34 35 36  |29 mtime=1629456|
00000210  33 31 36 2e 37 34 32 39  32 34 31 31 0a 33 30 20  |316.74292411.30 |
00000220  61 74 69 6d 65 3d 31 36  32 39 34 34 39 37 30 37  |atime=1629449707|
00000230  2e 32 37 30 30 39 30 37  37 32 0a 32 39 20 63 74  |.270090772.29 ct|
00000240  69 6d 65 3d 31 36 32 39  34 35 36 33 31 36 2e 37  |ime=1629456316.7|
00000250  34 32 39 32 34 31 31 0a  35 31 20 52 48 54 2e 73  |4292411.51 RHT.s|
00000260  65 63 75 72 69 74 79 2e  73 65 6c 69 6e 75 78 3d  |ecurity.selinux=|
00000270  73 79 73 74 65 6d 5f 75  3a 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 5f  |system_u:object_|
00000280  72 3a 65 74 63 5f 74 3a  73 30 0a 00 00 00 00 00  |r:etc_t:s0......|
00000290  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|

-arm*) ARCH=arm ;;
-aarch64*) ARCH=aarch64 ;;
+arm64*|aarch64) ARCH=aarch64 ;;
+thumb*|arm*) ARCH=arm ;;
-s390x*) ARCH=s390x ;;
+s390x*|systemz*) ARCH=s390x ;;

--- a/block.c
+++ b/block.c
@@ -3715,3 +3715,3 @@
     /* Image format probing */
-    bs->probed = !drv;
+    bs->probed = 0;
     if (!drv && file) {

$ bin/clang --help
/lib/ld-linux-aarch64.so.1: No such file or directory

FAIL: cut-cuts-a-field
+ + /home/landley/busybox/busybox/testsuite/echo-ne -ebusybox f1\tf2\tf3 cut
 -f 2
+ test f2 f2 f3 = f2

struct chunk {
        size_t psize, csize;
        struct chunk *next, *prev;
};

int validate(char *p) {
  size_t *st1 = ((size_t *)p)-2, st2 = (void *)(p+(st1[1]&-2));
  if (st1[1] != st2[0]) barf();
}

2 cups corn syrup
2 cups sugar
4 cups creamy peanut butter
12 cups special k
2 cups chocolate chips
2 cups butterscotch chips

$ echo "one  two   three    four" | toybox cut -DF 2,4
two four

$ make check
...
10 failure(s) detected; running with -v (verbose) will give more info
$ make check -v
GNU Make 4.2.1
Built for x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
...

opt = getopt32(argv, "^"
        OPT_STR
        "\0" "b--bcf:c--bcf:f--bcf",
        &sopt, &sopt, &sopt, <ok
);

FAIL: cut -bO overlaps
echo -ne '' | cut --output-delimiter ' ' -b 1-3,2-5,7-9,9-10 abc.txt
--- expected	2021-06-20 05:22:37.975989241 -0500
+++ actual	2021-06-20 05:22:37.979989241 -0500
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-one:t o:th
-alpha beta
-the q ick 
FAIL: cut high-low error
echo -ne '' | cut -b 8-3 abc.txt 2>/dev/null || echo err
--- expected	2021-06-20 05:22:37.987989241 -0500
+++ actual	2021-06-20 05:22:37.991989240 -0500
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-err
+:
+e
+c
FAIL: cut empty field
echo -ne 'a::b\n' | cut -d ':' -f 1-3
--- expected	2021-06-20 05:22:38.031989239 -0500
+++ actual	2021-06-20 05:22:38.035989239 -0500
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-a::b
FAIL: cut empty field 2
echo -ne 'a::b::c:d\n' | cut -d ':' -f 3-5
--- expected	2021-06-20 05:22:38.039989239 -0500
+++ actual	2021-06-20 05:22:38.039989239 -0500
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-b::c

$ echo $SHLVL; (echo $SHLVL)
1
1
landley@driftwood:~/toybox/clean2$ echo $SHLVL; echo $(echo $SHLVL)
1
1
landley@driftwood:~/toybox/clean2$ echo | echo $SHLVL
1

$ X=echo; > potato $NOTHING $X hello
$ cat potato
hello

$ (echo $BASHPID; readlink /proc/self; echo $BASHPID)
14860
14861
14860
$ (/bin/echo $BASHPID; readlink /proc/self; /bin/echo $BASHPID)
14866
14868
14866

$ sleep 5
^Z
[1]+  Stopped                 sleep 5
$ bg
[1]+ sleep 5 &

$ sleep 5 &
[1] 3622

$ echo $BASHPID >&2 | exec boink > blah-$BASHPID
6984
bash: exec: boink: not found
$ ls blah-*
blah-6985

$ echo $BASHPID >&2 | abc=def > $BASHPID | echo $BASHPID
4094
4092
landley@driftwood:~$ ls 4093
4093

$ echo one >&2 | echo $(sleep .25)two >&2 | echo three
three
one
two

$ x() { echo potato; }; X=x; $X
potato
$ X=y $NOTHING; echo $X
y

$ sleep 30 &
[1] 20093
$ sleep 30 &
[2] 20094
$ jobs %sle
bash: jobs: sle: ambiguous job spec
bash: jobs: %sle: no such job

$ sleep 3 & sleep 3 &
[1] 24186
[2] 24187
$ jobs %2; jobs %2; jobs %2; echo hello
[2]+  Done                    sleep 3
[2]+  Done                    sleep 3
[2]+  Done                    sleep 3
hello
[1]-  Done                    sleep 3
$ jobs %1
bash: jobs: %1: no such job

$ cat test.sh
#!/bin/bash

sleep 3 &
sleep 5 &
jobs %1
sleep 4
jobs %1 %2; jobs %1
jobs %1 %2
$ ./test.sh
[1]-  Running                 sleep 3 &
[1]-  Done                    sleep 3
[2]+  Running                 sleep 5 &
[1]-  Done                    sleep 3
./test.sh: line 8: jobs: %1: no such job
[2]+  Running                 sleep 5 &

$ if true; then sleep 1 &
> sleep 2
> jobs %1; fi
[1] 24960
[1]+  Done                    sleep 1
bash: jobs: %1: no such job
$ cat test2.sh 
#!/bin/bash

if true; then sleep 1 &
sleep 2
jobs %1; fi
$ ./test2.sh 
[1]+  Done                    sleep 1

$ for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9; do exit $i & done

$ echo <(exit 37)
/dev/fd/63
$ echo $!
31474
$ echo <(exit 42)
/dev/fd/63
$ echo $!
31481
$ wait 31474; echo $?
bash: wait: pid 31474 is not a child of this shell
127

-CONFIG_TREE_RCU=y
+CONFIG_TINY_RCU=y
 # CONFIG_RCU_EXPERT is not set
 CONFIG_SRCU=y
-CONFIG_TREE_SRCU=y
-CONFIG_RCU_STALL_COMMON=y
-CONFIG_RCU_NEED_SEGCBLIST=y
+CONFIG_TINY_SRCU=y

$ echo hello >(false)
hello /dev/fd/63
$ wait $!; echo $?
1
$ echo hello >(true)
hello /dev/fd/63
$ wait $!; echo $?
0

$ false &
[1] 29401
$ echo hello
hello
[1]+  Exit 1                  false
$ echo hello
hello
$ wait 29401; echo $?
1
$ wait 29401; echo $?
1
$ wait; echo $?
0
$ wait 29401
bash: wait: pid 29401 is not a child of this shell

$ echo $!

$ wait $!
$ wait "$!"
bash: wait: `': not a pid or valid job spec
$ wait 0
bash: wait: pid 0 is not a child of this shell

$ echo $(echo hello)
hello
$ echo $!

$ echo $(echo hello &)
hello
$ echo $!


$ wc <(<README)
      0       0       0 /dev/fd/63
$ echo $!
12264

China  : 71%
"other": 9%
Malasia: 6%
Korea  : 6%
USA    : 3%
EU     : 2%
Japan  : 1%
Taiwan : 1%
India  : 1%

[: missing argument after ‘=’
FAIL: sh $! = jobs -p

$ [ x = ]
bash: [: x: unary operator expected

$ /usr/bin/[ x = ]
/usr/bin/[: missing argument after ‘=’

$ a\b () { echo hello; } || echo toast
bash: `a\b': not a valid identifier
toast

$ function one two || echo toast
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `two'

$ x() { echo hello; } | tr e x
$ x
bash: x: command not found

-  if (!(which->flags & TOYFLAG_NOFORK)) {
+  if (strcmp(which->name, "toybox") && !(which->flags & TOYFLAG_NOFORK)) {

if (!(CFG_TOYBOX && which == toy_list) && !(which->flags & TOYFLAG_NOFORK)) {

$ function ab=cd if true; then echo hello; fi
$ "ab=cd"
hello
$ function ab^cd if true; then echo hello; fi
$ ab^cd
hello
$ function ab$cd if true; then echo hello; fi
bash: `ab$cd': not a valid identifier
$ function "abcd" if true; then echo hello; fi
bash: `"abcd"': not a valid identifier
$ function function if true; then echo hello; fi
$ "function"
hello
$ abc=def function
hello
$ function ab*cd if true; then echo hello; fi
$ "ab*cd"
hello
$ function ab!cd if true; then echo hello; fi
function abcd www if true; then echo hello; fi
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `www'
$ function ab\!cd if true; then echo hello; fi
bash: `ab\!cd': not a valid identifier
$ function ~landley if true; then echo hello; fi
$ "~landley"
hello
$ function a>b if true; then echo hello; fi
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `>'

$ function one if true; then echo hello; fi > potato
$ ls potato
ls: cannot access 'potato': No such file or directory
$ one
$ ls potato
potato

$ function `echo hello` if true; the echo hello; fi
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `fi'
$ function `echo hello` if true; then echo hello; fi
bash: ``echo hello`': not a valid identifier

$ ab=cde function hello if true; then echo $ab; fi
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `then'

#define __initdata      __section(".init.data")
#define __initconst     __section(".init.rodata")
#define __exitdata      __section(".exit.data")

void *vbt[] = {_start, (void *)0x7ffc, _start, (void *)0x7ffc};

#define PARAM   ((unsigned char *)empty_zero_page)
#define LOADER_TYPE (*(unsigned long *) (PARAM+0x00c))
#define INITRD_START (*(unsigned long *) (PARAM+0x010))
#define INITRD_SIZE (*(unsigned long *) (PARAM+0x014))

  .section        .empty_zero_page, "aw"
ENTRY(empty_zero_page)
  .long   1             /* MOUNT_ROOT_RDONLY */
  .long   0             /* RAMDISK_FLAGS */
  .long   0x0200        /* ORIG_ROOT_DEV */
  .long   1             /* LOADER_TYPE */
  .long   0x00000000    /* INITRD_START */
  .long   0x00000000    /* INITRD_SIZE */

> init/initramfs.c:populate_rootfs calls unpack_to_rootfs
> for both the (builtin) __initramfs_start and the (param) initrd_start.
> So you should be able to test just adding an external parameter one
>l that extracts a file into / to see that it worked.

[Nr] Name              Type        Addr     Off    Size   ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 1] .empty_zero_page  PROGBITS    10001000 001000 001000 00  WA  0   0  4

unsigned *rd = &empty_zero_page;
rd[4] = start_offset; // in bytes, physical address minus 0x10000000
rd[5] = len;          // in bytes

extern char __initramfs_start[];
extern unsigned long __initramfs_size;
...
static void __init populate_initrd_image(char *err)
{
...
        unpack_to_rootfs(__initramfs_start, __initramfs_size);

Symbol table '.symtab' contains 22833 entries:
  Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
  185: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS usr/initramfs_data.o
  186: 104416dc     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  DEFAULT   11 __irf_start
  187: 104c5e74     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  DEFAULT   11 __irf_end
12370: 104416dc     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT   11 __initramfs_start
19234: 104c5e78     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT   11 __initramfs_size

12913: 104416dc     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT   11 __initcall_end
17063: 104416dc     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT   11 __con_initcall_start
18857: 104416dc     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT   11 __con_initcall_end

[11] .init.data     PROGBITS   1043e240 43e240 087c3c 00  WA  0   0  4
[12] .machvec.init  PROGBITS   104c5e7c 4c5e7c 000020 00  WA  0   0  4

#define __init          __section(".init.text") \
  __cold  __latent_entropy __noinitretpoline
#define __initdata      __section(".init.data")
#define __initconst     __section(".init.rodata")
#define __exitdata      __section(".exit.data")
#define __exit_call     __used __section(".exitcall.exit")

$ for i in 1 2 3; do a() { echo one $i; }; a; a() { echo two $i; }; a; done
one 1
two 1
one 2
two 2
one 3
two 3

void xfdump()
{
  int x = 0, fd = open("/proc/self/fd", O_RDONLY);
  DIR *X = fdopendir(fd);
  struct dirent *DE;
  char *s, *ss = 0, buf[4096], *sss = buf;

  for (; (DE = readdir(X));) {
    if (atoi(DE->d_name) == fd) continue;
    s = xreadlink(ss = xmprintf("/proc/self/fd/%s", DE->d_name));
    if (s && *s != '.')
      sss += sprintf(sss, ", %s=%s"+2*!x++, DE->d_name, s);
    free(s); free(ss);
  }
  *sss = 0;
  dprintf(2, "%d fd:%s\n", getpid(), buf);
  closedir(X);
}

$ echo -e 'one\ntwo\nthree' | if read i; then cat; fi
two
three

$ alias potato=;
$ potato
$ echo hello | potato
> ^C
$ alias potato=";"
$ potato
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `;'

$ echo hello > potato | cat
$ cat potato
hello

sh -c 'a=${a?b} > walrus'; ls walrus

a=a${} b${}

$ readonly abc; abc=123 echo hello && echo ran=$_
bash: abc: readonly variable
hello
ran=hello
$ xyz=${} echo hello; echo nope
bash: ${}: bad substitution
$ echo ran=$_
ran=ran=hello

$ x() { local _; declare -p _;}; x; echo $_
declare -- _="_"
x
$ env | grep '^_='
_=/usr/bin/env

diff --git a/scripts/runtest.sh b/scripts/runtest.sh
index 6aad9ff1..87ce44ad 100644
--- a/scripts/runtest.sh
+++ b/scripts/runtest.sh
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ txpect()
       [OE])
         [ $LEN == 0 ] && LARG="" || LARG="-rN $LEN"
         O=$OUT
+echo 1=$1 slice=${1: -1} and=$1
         [ ${1::1} == 'E' ] && O=$ERR
         A=
         read -t2 $LARG A <&$O

$ exec could_not_find 2>/dev/null || echo yes
yes

$ git diff toys/*/sh.c | diffstat
 sh.c |  946 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 559 insertions(+), 387 deletions(-)

$ x=
$ echo -n ${x?fail}
$ echo -n ${x:?fail}
bash: x: fail

$ func() { local potato; echo ${potato?bang}; }; func
bash: potato: bang

$ echo 'local potato; echo ${potato?bang};' > input
$ bash -c 'func() { source input; }; func; echo $?'
input: line 1: potato: bang
$ bash -c $'func() { source input; }; func\necho $?'
input: line 1: potato: bang

$ x=a
$ one() { local x=b; echo $x; unset x; x=c; echo $x;}
$ one; echo $x
b
c
a

$ x=a
$ one() { local x=b; echo $x; declare -g x; echo $x;}
$ one; echo $x
b
b
a

$ x=123
$ func() { local x=456; readonly x; echo $x; }
$ func; x=789; echo $x
456
789

$ for i in one two three; do echo "echo $i" > input; source input; done
one
two
three
$ func() { source input; }
$ for i in one two three; do echo echo $i > input; func; done
one
two
three

$ func() { source input; echo hello; }; echo } > input; func
bash: input: line 1: syntax error near unexpected token `}'
bash: input: line 1: `}'
hello

int gg_bit(unsigned gg, unsigned poly)
{
  unsigned x = 0, g = gg;

  while ((poly >>= 1)) {
    x ^= g&poly&1;
    g >>= 1;
  }

  return (gg<<1)|g;
}

$ bash -c 'x=2; a() { local x=1; echo $x; unset x; echo $x;}; a; echo $x'
1

2

$ [[ abcde =~ '[b-d]' ]]; echo $?
1
$ [[ abcde =~ '[f-x]' ]]; echo $?
1
$ [[ abcde =~ 'a[b-d]*e' ]]; echo $?
1
$ [[ abcde =~ 'a[b-d]*' ]]; echo $?
1
$ [[ abcde =~ 'abcde' ]]; echo $?
0
$ [[ abcde =~ 'abcdef' ]]; echo $?
1
$ [[ abcde =~ 'a[b-d]cde' ]]; echo $?
1
$ [[ abcde =~ 'a.cde' ]]; echo $?
1

$ [[ abcde =~ [b-d] ]]; echo $?
0
$ [[ [b-d] =~ '[b-d]' ]]; echo $?
0
$ [[ abcde =~ a[b-d]c ]]; echo $?
0
$ [[ abcde =~ a[b-d]d ]]; echo $?
1
$ [[ abcde =~ a[b-d]*e ]]; echo $?
0
$ [[ abcde =~ a[b-d]..e ]]; echo $?
0

$ potato() { x=123; }
$ chicken() { local x=$((x+1)); echo $x; potato; echo $x; }
$ x=7; chicken; echo $x
8
123
7

$ chicken() { echo | return 37; }; { chicken; echo $?; } | cat
37
$ chicken() { echo | return 37 | echo potato; }; { chicken; echo $?; } | cat
potato
0

$ { echo $$; chicken() { echo $BASHPID;}; chicken;}
10868
10868
$ { echo $$; chicken() { echo $BASHPID;}; chicken;} | cat
10868
10928

$ chicken() { echo $$ $BASHPID; }; echo $$ $BASHPID>&2  | chicken
5109 5165
5109 5166

$ while X=$(($X+1)); do echo $X; done | \
> while read i; do echo $i; done | head -n 5
1
2
3
4
5
