Source control: browse online clone with git
Git howtos: git-bisect howto, interactive tutorial, official documentation
Unified Linux-kernel git repository, with complete history from 0.0.1 to the present.
Linux From Scratch (how to build a complete Linux system from source code): read online download.
Documentation - Text files in the kernel source tarball's Documentation subdirectory.
htmldocs - Kernel Documentation maintained in docbook format (output of "make htmldocs").
Menuconfig - help text for each kernel configuration option (from kconfig source).
README various README files scattered around Linux kernel source
RFC - List of IETF RFCs referred to by kernel source files. Links to both the text of the RFC and the source files that refer to it.
Single Unix Specification v4 (Also known as Open Group Base Specifications issue 7, and POSIX 2008. See especially system interfaces. You can download the whole thing.)
C99 standard (defines the C programming language Linux is implemented in): ISO/IEC C9899 PDF, html, or searchable website.
LP64 standard defining the size of char, short, int, and long on 32-bit and 64-bit platforms. (See also the rationale for the standard, and the legacy reasons another OS declined to adopt this standard).
Linux Foundation's specs page (ELF, Dwarf, ABI...)
Linux Standard base (also downloadable).
RSA Animate - The surprising truth about what motivates us
Development mailing lists available on kernel.org
All Linux Weekly News kernel articles indexed by topic
Linux kernel changelog (summary of what's new in each version)
H-Online's Kernel-Log (most recent first)
Linux Device Drivers book (third edition) (second edition)
Understanding the Linux Virtual Memory Manager, online book by Mel Gorman.
What every programmer should know about memory, article series by Ulrich Drepper, parts one, two, three, four, five.
Ars technica ram guide, article series by Jon "Hannibal" Stokes, parts one, two, three, Cacheing, Bandwidth and Latency.
Page maintained by Rob Landley, rob at landley dot net.